以太坊（一）私有链搭建

区块链 , , , 评论

智能合约：就是运行在以太坊这个”全球计算机”上的【进程】”，之所以有上述比喻，是因为以太坊网络的节点遍布全球，在这样的网络中运行计算就相当于在”【一台全球计算机】”中运行计算；

智能：智能合约是可以【自动运行的】

合约：以太坊的合约代码多会涉及一些【资产转移】，而现实世界中签订合同也多是伴随着【资产转移】，因此把这样的代码叫合约；

下面介绍利用【Geth】客户端搭建属于自己的区块链开发环境，通常被称为私有链；

1 macOS安装以太坊客户端Geth

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# 安装稳定版本
brew tap ethereum/ethereum
brew install ethereum

# 安装开发版
brew install ethereum --devel

2 查看Geth安装版本

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# 本机安装的Geth版本是：v1.11.6
geth version 

Geth
Version: 1.11.6-stable
Git Commit: ea9e62ca3db5c33aa7438ebf39c189afd53c6bf8
Git Commit Date: 20230420
Architecture: amd64
Go Version: go1.20.3
Operating System: darwin

3 创建创世区块配置文件

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genesis.json
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{
  "config": {
    "chainId": 88888,
    "homesteadBlock": 0,
    "eip150Block": 0,
    "eip155Block": 0,
    "eip158Block": 0
  },
  "alloc"      : {},
  "coinbase"   : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "difficulty" : "0x2",
  "extraData"  : "",
  "gasLimit"   : "0xffffffff",
  "nonce"      : "0x0000000000000042",
  "mixhash"    : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "parentHash" : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "timestamp"  : "0x00"
}

4 配置文件参数说明

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coinbase：   旷工的账号，可任意填写 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
difficulty： 设置当前区块的难度，开发环境建议设置较小的难度值 0x2
extraData：  附加信息，可任意填写 ""
gasLimit：   设置Gas消耗总量的限制，限制区块链能包含的交易信息总和，开发环境建议设置最大值 0xffffffff
nonce：      64位的随机数，用于挖矿 0x0000000000000042
mixhash：    由上个区块一部分生成的哈希值，与 nonce 配合用于挖坑 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
parentHash： 上个区块的哈希值，因为是创世区块，这个值填0 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
timestamp：  创世区块的时间戳 0x00

5 使用配置初始化区块链

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cd private-chain

tree -L 1 ./
├── genesis.json
├── geth.log
├── node_data
└── geth_run.sh

# 初始化区块链
geth --datadir ./node_data init genesis.json

6 启动私有节点

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#!/bin/bash
geth --datadir  ./node_data \
--networkid 88888 \
--http --http.addr 0.0.0.0 \
--http.vhosts "*" \
--http.api "db,net,eth,web3,personal,debug" \
--http.corsdomain "*" \
--rpc.enabledeprecatedpersonal \
--snapshot --allow-insecure-unlock console 2>> geth.log
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./geth_run.sh

Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!

instance: Geth/v1.11.6-stable-ea9e62ca/darwin-amd64/go1.20.3
at block: 0 (Thu Jan 01 1970 08:00:00 GMT+0800 (CST))
 datadir: /blockchain/private-chain/node_data
 modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 engine:1.0 eth:1.0 ethash:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0

To exit, press ctrl-d or type exit
>

7 Geth的JavaScript常用操作

7.1 创建账号
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# 查看所有账号列表
> eth.accounts 

# 创建一个账户
> personal.newAccount()

Passphrase:
Repeat passphrase:
"0xed563e9defde5e2a9b5ae2ae6f167c4b7672b32f"
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遇到的问题：
ReferenceError: personal is not defined
	at <eval>:1:1(0)

启动节点的时候加启动参数：--rpc.enabledeprecatedpersonal
7.2 查看账号余额
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# 查看账号余额
> eth.getBalance("0xed563e9defde5e2a9b5ae2ae6f167c4b7672b32f")
0
> eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[0])
0
7.3 启动和停止挖矿
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> miner.setEtherbase(eth.accounts[0])
true

# 启动挖矿
> miner.start(1)

# 停止挖矿
> miner.stop()

# 查看挖到的以太币，单位转换成ETH
> web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[0]),'ether')
45000000000000000000

# ETH转Wei
> web3.toWei(5,'ether')
"5000000000000000000"
7.4 发送交易
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# 创建一个新账户，用于测试交易
> personal.newAccount()
Passphrase:
Repeat passphrase:
"0xcd4fb34be454508f4183286673f9137caa6429a8"

# 解锁账户，如果被锁住的话
> personal.unlockAccount("0xcd4fb34be454508f4183286673f9137caa6429a8")
Unlock account 0xcd4fb34be454508f4183286673f9137caa6429a8
Passphrase:
true

# 发送交易
> eth.sendTransaction({from:eth.accounts[0],to:"0xcd4fb34be454508f4183286673f9137caa6429a8",value:5000000000000000000})
"0x59721b01c3508d160f4ab7939d656a9cac3f019d1e59822d3316a3a570c36ce5"

# 查看交易状态
> txpool.status
{
    pending: 1,
    queued: 0
}

# 要使交易被处理必须要挖矿
> miner.setEtherbase(eth.accounts[0])
true
> miner.start(1);admin.sleepBlocks(1);miner.stop();
null

# 再次查看交易状态
> txpool.status
{
  pending: 0,
  queued: 0
}
7.5 查看区块和交易
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# 查看当前区块总数
> eth.blockNumber
11

# 通过区块的高度查看区块信息
> eth.getBlock(10)
{
  difficulty: 131072,
  extraData: "0xd983010b06846765746888676f312e32302e338664617277696e",
  gasLimit: 4253208113,
  gasUsed: 21000,
  hash: "0xffa6fbb05108a418ef1338e9aa302b2a35098ebe182a6dcdf602d41d5dcbdc0e",
  logsBloom: "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  miner: "0x075e399630896d443f1d61ca5398209497dbbde3",
  mixHash: "0xb50716b2cee9dfde25055337c9796bc0364861cb609a5aa2909ff26855cc19ff",
  nonce: "0x34282181d0cff31d",
  number: 10,
  parentHash: "0x73a0168d3f1f0c4ed77ae9d95747657fefe795500bce33041c919e70a2bdc931",
  receiptsRoot: "0xf1a563d34902071f84087715cf7f863d133438bfe2e7bc2045c3214bf9a87fe0",
  sha3Uncles: "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
  size: 652,
  stateRoot: "0x2f236845deccf8a3abf063fa849dc609c65e3334fc6cc3d9df27624a73a570c1",
  timestamp: 1716535481,
  totalDifficulty: 1313026,
  transactions: ["0x59721b01c3508d160f4ab7939d656a9cac3f019d1e59822d3316a3a570c36ce5"],
  transactionsRoot: "0xf53d90595d6595d9463ef610426e7a71249f9705a52ff349007499ff04fb59be",
  uncles: []
}

# 根据交易哈希查看交易信息
> eth.getTransaction("0x4c53664dbb0b14147525b59192ab80abdd01bb335e2638bcee1111b61e19f1ff")
{
  blockHash: "0xa88ec11a52573a8c9ca01df8ed14be0c7ad3e4503c10258841b8d01893f0fdce",
  blockNumber: 11,
  chainId: "0x3039",
  from: "0x075e399630896d443f1d61ca5398209497dbbde3",
  gas: 21000,
  gasPrice: 1000000000,
  hash: "0x4c53664dbb0b14147525b59192ab80abdd01bb335e2638bcee1111b61e19f1ff",
  input: "0x",
  nonce: 1,
  r: "0x2239d302c2ba666b292f675db5683ed74a07ae1200bb80d07674cc2939e17c9c",
  s: "0x3452e2c214128d6f2d4bba0041b720ccd3cdee3e330dc277cc101e7341f5c0ad",
  to: "0xcd4fb34be454508f4183286673f9137caa6429a8",
  transactionIndex: 0,
  type: "0x0",
  v: "0x6095",
  value: 5000000000000000000
}

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